- Mazhab Indonesia (Manunggalisme): Paradigma, Filsafat, dan Teori Melihat Hubungan Dunia Berdasarkan Nilai-Nilai Kemanunggalan Dunia.
- Mazhab Indonesia (Manunggalisme): Paradigma, Filsafat, dan Teori Melihat Hubungan Dunia Berdasarkan Nilai-Nilai Kemanunggalan Dunia.
World Relations Against International Relations
The Eastern World Relations Theory (WRT) or World Relations, abbreviated as “WR”, is the discipline that studies ways to organize the “world order” (tata bawana) through inter-historical, inter-civilizational, inter-cultural, inter-traditional, inter-philosophical, inter-ideological, inter-societal, and inter-humankind systems of nature. The system, structure, and polarism of world order by world-nations (Antarbangsa) are intersecting with each other. Also, WR is the study of the “spacial political-power order” based on the measurement of the spatial bases of the world “Geometrism” including the physical, metaphysical, psychological, ideational, and geometrical bases.
We simplify it to become, WR is one of the many ways of the Eastern World in looking at the “Worldview” as a general paradigm of seeing the world, including looking outside the Eastern world which ultimately encourages the birth of the Discipline of World Relations. Furthermore, WR may become the grand-paradigm of all the ways that the Eastern World has in viewing the World in the past, present, and future.
In order to understand Manunggalism as a foundation for thinking about the basics of World Relations (WR), its offers at least eight foundations of knowledge as a tool to trace the roots of its thinking, namely: historical, civilizational, cultural, traditional, philosophical, ideological, societal, and relational of humankind. Relying on the following description, at a minimum the study of World Relations as an event and as a scientific discipline on ways of organizing and theorizing the world is built through the eight foundations of knowledge above as the basis for the establishment of the Discipline of World Relations.
In the way of World Relations against International Relations, there are several substation of the Eastern and Western worlds in understanding and building the World Order from time to time until present days as the position of WRT against IRT in building and balancing the order of civilization as the following table as the substance of basic of knowledge the Eastern and Western Worlds in Viewing the World Order.
| Categorization | EASTERN WORLD | WESTERN WORLD |
| Discipline | Ilmu Antarbangsa (Bangsa-Bangsa) / Hubungan Dunia (World Relations) | Ilmu Antarnegara (Negara-Negara) / Hubungan Internasional (International Relations) |
| Definition (the meaning of interaction) | World Relations is a discipline that studies ways to organize the “world order” based on the basis of the world order Geometricalism Worlds “Tata Bawana” as World-Nations” by incorporating elements of mythology (metaphysics/mystics) as first priority into the politics to lead and rule the world order as the main foundation for giving birth to “Manularism” (cooperating politics with God). | International Relations is a discipline that studies ways to organize the “world order” based on the Materialism States as World-States by incorporating material elements (materialism) as first priority into the politics to lead and rule the world order as the main foundation for giving birth to “Secularism” (breaking the politics from God). |
| Paradigm (worldview to world order and security) | Fifth Base World Security: The primacy of Mythology (Metaphysics, mystics, or ilmu kebatinan) for the utilization of all “Geometrism” principles includes physical, metaphysical, psychological, ideational, and geometrical bases. | Fourth Base World Security: The primacy of Materialogy (Physics) for the utilization of some “Geometrism” principles just includes physical, psychological, ideational, geometrical bases by leaving the metaphysical bases |
| Covenant Foundation | Peace of Narmer (3100 BC), Peace of Megiddo (1457 BC), Peace of Kadesh (1274 BC), Peace of Antalcidas (387 BC), Peace of Medina (622) | Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) and Peace of Westphalia (1648) |
| Era of Power | Manunggalian (Era Pemurnian). Purification era. | Renaissance (Era Pencerahan). Enlightenment era. |
| Historical roots | Asia, Africa, Eurasia (Manunggal) | Europe, America, Australia (Atlantical) |
| Civilizational and Cultural roots | Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Persia | Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome |
| Traditional roots on war and peace | Cooperation is advancing the world order by prioritizing peace in political order, while war comes later (War as a last resort) | Conflict is advancing the world order by prioritizing war political order, while peace comes later (War as an option) |
| Philosophical roots | Ptahhotep was the founder of the Ptahhotep Academy/Memphis School with his work “The Wisdom of the East” | Thales was the founder of the Miletos Academy/ Miletus School with his work “Thales’s Theorem” |
| Ideological and societal roots | Manuler is Manupolitics. | Secular is Realpolitics. |
| World Relations System (moral) | Man is obedient creature: Barbarianism, Communalism, Gotong Royong | Man is selfish creature: Primitivism, Laissez Faire, Anarchism |
| World Relations Structure (actor) | World-nations: Imperium, kingdom, sultanate, and city-nations | World-states: League, feudal, federal, and city-states |
| World Relations Polarism (axis) | Multipolar: Multilateralism and Manunggalizations | Unipolar: Unilateralism and Globalizations |
| Main Theories | Manunggalism, Communalism, Waliism, and the expansion of the theories: Geometripolitics, Fifth Base World Security, Theory of Manunggal Peace. | Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism, and the expansion of its theories: International Security, Theory of Democratic Peace, etc. |
| Main Concepts | Manupolitics, Geometripolitization, Concordism/Harmony (Kerukunan), Adibumi, etc. | Realpolitics, Securitization, Freedom, Democracy, Human Right, etc. |
Source: A.R. Arianto and G. Anggraini (2023) “Manunggalism: Paradigm, Philosophy, and Theory to View the World Relations (WR) Belong to Indonesian School (Mazhab Indonesia) in Manunggalian Era 21st Century”, UGM Digital Press. Journal link: https://digitalpress.ugm.ac.id/article/433
Furthermore, the presence of the development of the thought of Manunggalism aims to discuss three things, including namely: (1) The Philosophers of Manunggalism (Manunggalists) will continue to involve themselves as actors forming the world order by way of organizing and influencing others, (2) Manunggalists will continue to involve themselves as actor forming the world order, philosophizing, organizing, theorizing, and taking a firm position as philosophers which results in this work influencing others, and (3) The aim of the philosophy of Manunggalism is to influence and map the world order in the 21st century , the 22nd to 28th, etc follows Manunggalistiwa.